My Tsinghua Lament

Xu Zhangrun vs. Tsinghua University
Voices of Protest & Resistance (VI)

 

Zi Zhongyun (資中筠, 1930-) is a noted expert on American diplomatic history and the study of the United States more broadly. She is also a much-published translator and former head of the Institute of American Studies at the Chinese Academy of Social Science in Beijing. Mme Zi studied English and French at Tsinghua University from 1948 to 1951.

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In response to the ‘Xu Zhangrun Incident’, Zi Zhongyun composed the following essay, the Chinese title of which is simply 哀清華  Qīnghuá, ‘lament for’ or ‘mourning for Tsinghua University’. The title evokes numerous literary associations, including one about ‘Lament for the South — a Rhapsody’ 哀江南賦 by Yu Xin (庾信, 513-581 CE), a famous elegiac poem about a lost homeland.

In ‘China’s Red Empire — To Be or Not To Be?’ Xu Zhangrun questioned whether the People’s Republic of China was set on becoming a new empire. He pointed out that the country only recently recovered from an era of vaunting, but failed, imperial-scale ambition. He reminded readers that:

During those decades not only were the butchers themselves sacrificed on the altar of ideology, mourned in turn after others had been mourned for, but more importantly the countless multitudes of China were caught up in the maelstrom. It feels like only yesterday that bloody violence swept the land. Having barely survived that calamity you can just imagine how people must be reacting to the renewed drumbeat of war.

須知,長達三十多年里,國朝奉行殘酷鬥爭哲學,曾經連年「運動」,不僅劊子手們自己也先後走上祭壇,哀復後哀,而且,更要命的是使億萬國民輾轉溝壑。血雨腥風不過就是昨日的事,好不容易熬過這一劫,又聽鼙鼓,你想天下蒼生心裡該是何種滋味。

The words ‘mourned in turn after others had been mourned for’ 哀復後哀 āi fù hòu āi recall the sombre concluding lines of another rhapsody 賦 , ‘The Great Palace of Ch’in’ 《阿房宮賦》, a famous account of the destruction of the Epang Palace by the Tang poet Du Mu (杜牧, 803-852) written in the year 825 CE. We previously punished John Minford’s translation of that poem under the title ‘The Great Qin Palace — a Rhapsody’. Given the tone and conclusion of Zi Zhongyun’s reflections, it would seem appropriate to preface them with a quotation from Du Mu’s rhapsody:

The Rulers of Ch’in had not a moment
To lament their fate,
Those who came after
Lamented it.
When those who come after
Lament but do not learn,
Then they too will merely provide
Fresh cause for lamentation
From those who come after them.

秦人不暇自哀
而後人哀之

後人哀之
而不鑒之

亦使後人
而復哀後人也。

My thanks, as ever, to Reader #1 for pointing out typographical errors in the draft of the transaction and to Jianying Zha for a timely reminder about Yu Xin’s rhapsody.

— Geremie R. Barmé
Editor, China Heritage
3 April 2019

Note:

  • As in the case of previous essays in ‘Xu Zhangrun and Tsinghua University’, Zi Zhongyun’s text is reproduced here as it first appeared, despite our ongoing distaste for the ‘Crippled Characters’ 殘體字 of the People’s Republic. This bilingual translation is archived both in The Best China as well as in the Xu Zhangrun 許章潤 sections of China Heritage, under Projects.

‘Tsinghua Garden’ 清華園, the old gate of Tsinghua College, constructed between 1909 and 1911 and rebuilt in 1991. Photograph by IC

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Mourning Tsinghua
哀清華

Zi Zhongyun
資中筠

Translated by Geremie R. Barmé

 

Tsinghua University is embroiled in media controversy yet again. This time around not only is the media buzzing with the news, it is also affecting all people of conscience and decency. The words ‘Mourning Tsinghua’ haunt me yet again.

近来,清华大学又进入舆论的漩涡。这回挑起的不但是一片舆论哗然,而且是学界的良知和良心。“哀清华”字样又在我脑海中浮起。

The first time I thought of this title was back in 2010 when I heard that a number of the most famous and symbolic buildings on the campus — the original Tsinghua School Hall, as well as the old Auditorium and Library — had gone up in flames. Despite the fact that — as is usually the case with such incidents — it was blamed on an incompetent worker, the real culprit was the university administration’s wrong-headed plans to renovate the historical structures on campus. More broadly speaking, their erroneous approach to heritage preservation was born of a number of factors: a blind obsession with major new vanity projects; a complete lack of reverence for tradition; and, a recklessness rooted in ignorance.

These buildings are prominent national historic architectural treasures, and in particular they included the precious wooden structure of the main building. It had survived war, the Japanese occupation and even the assaults of the Cultural Revolution. It’s my understanding  that the first post-Cultural Revolution president of Tsinghua himself thought about renovating that particular structure, but even he approached the issue with a measure of caution. He actually sought the advice of members of the Department of Architecture. They were able to educate him about the history and particular architectural features of the building. Among other things, he learned how precious the wood used in the construction was and how it could never be replicated. That’s why, they argued, any decision about its future should be made with the utmost care. That specialist advice put paid to his plans.

这一拟写的文章题目最初出现是2010年,听说“清华学堂”失火,与大礼堂、图书馆并列的一座清华标志性建筑付之一炬。其起因虽然后来照例归咎于一名工人的操作失误,实际是校方不可原谅的错误装修决策。这种错误源自于方今流行的盲目追新的虚荣,对传统缺乏敬畏,无知又轻率。这所建筑是全国重点文物保护单位,主要就在于构成其主楼的珍贵的木结构建筑。它没有毁于战争,没有毁于日寇的铁蹄,甚至也没有毁于“文革”的冲击。据说“文革”结束后清华复课第一任校长也曾有对之修缮之意,但是他还比较懂事,有一份谨慎,召集了建筑系的老师征求意见,了解历史和建筑情况,得知木料之贵重和该建筑之不可复制,必须极其慎重对待,于是打消了重新装修的念头。

Who would have thought that a building that had survived for nigh on a century would be destroyed in an unexplained conflagration during China’s present Golden Era? But the fact the matter is that it happened because of the vainglorious efforts of the university’s leaders to pursue major building projects in the lead up to the university’s centenary [in 2011]. I learned about the disaster in the dead of night and immediately started reading the online cries of anguish and outrage from Tsinghua graduates both new and old. I shared their pain and sleep eluded me; it struck me that in some way that with that fire not only was a building lost but that the very traditions that had made Tsinghua what it was were going up in smoke.

Tsinghua does not want for money and, no matter how careful or extravagant they are when rebuilding that lost structure, its precious wooden heart will never be recovered. Although the words ‘Mourning Tsinghua’ bedevilled me at the time, I didn’t write up my lament. Anyway, since it was on the eve of my beloved alma mater’s centenary — a celebration somewhat akin to a family wedding — it seemed distasteful to spoil the party mood with lachrymose complaints.

而如今这所近百年的老楼毁于所谓“盛世”,为纪念百年大庆,显示辉煌而大兴土木。我收到这一消息时正值午夜,在网上看到许多新老校友痛心疾首悲愤之词,深有同感,为之彻夜难眠。痛感到这一事件是有象征意义的,随着这一把火,烧掉的不仅是一座楼,而是清华之所以为清华的精神传统。现在清华最不缺的就是钱,在废墟上无论重建的大楼如何讲究、光鲜,作为那座建筑的核心的木楼是回不来了。“哀清华”的悲歌萦绕于心中,然而终于没有成文。当时考虑,正在筹备百年校庆,犹如人家办喜事之际,就不以哭丧煞风景了吧。

But, it was the celebration of the centennial and, because Tsinghua was also the alma mater of a number of national leaders [these include Zhu Rongji, Hu Jintao, Wu Bangguo, Xi Jinping, to name but a few ] the whole thing ended up becoming a grand affair of state. That’s why they moved the official commemoration from the Tsinghua campus to the Great Hall of the People. The mainstream media duly went over the top in reporting on it all, and one of the posters put on display featured the Old Gate of the university — the one with the words ‘Tsinghua Garden’ on it, which is iconic in its own right — covered in the faces of notable Tsinghua people. But they were arranged in according to a political hierarchy, with pictures  of the leaders of the day blown up and placed in the most prominent position. It took quite an effort even to identify any of the university’s former college presidents or famous professors because their pictures were sequestered at the bottom, squashed together and so minuscule as to be all but unrecognisable. I was outraged.

转年百年校庆,由于国家领导人是清华校友,成为国家大事,不在学校,而在人民大会堂举行正式庆典。主流媒体大肆宣传,其中一幅海报为清华二校门“清华园”的图案(那座拱形门也是清华象征之一),门框上面密密麻麻布满头像,却是以官位排列,顶上面赫然几幅大头像是当时位居高位的大官,我想找过去的校长和几位名师的像需要耐心搜寻,直到最下面才发现,挤在一堆,小到几乎难以辨认。这使我大为愤慨。

This was not way to display the real ‘Tsinghua Hierarchy’: it ignored the real veterans, overlooking people’s years of service, their academic status and their overall contributions to the institution. It was sycophantic, pure and simple. That’s why, when the school called me up to double-check on my postal address before sending out an official invitation to the grand event, I flatly refused. And that’s why even back then people were saying that nowadays Tsinghua was a place that ‘brings together the outstanding talents of the world only to ruin them’ [a bitter recasting of a famous line from the Confucian thinker Mencius who said that one of the joys of a master is ‘to assemble the outstanding talents under heaven so as to educate them’ 得天下英才而教育之]. By ‘ruin’ people meant that Tsinghua had become a place suffocated by bureaucratic aspiration, an institution that twisted keen young minds into learning how to worship at the altars of big bureaucrats, starting with the president and faculty members. How could students possibly focus on their studies in such an environment? In other ways, it isn’t even accurate to claim that Tsinghua ‘assembles the outstanding talent of the world’. In the past, people believed that only the most intelligent and studious young men and women could possibly get in to Tsinghua. But, these days, so many ‘academic bootcamps’ promote themselves with claims about how many of their graduates have made it into Tsinghua or Peking University. With that kind of pre-college inculcation, young people are ‘ruined’ long before they even step onto the campus. The fact of the matter is that the quotient of genuine talents drawn to study at Tsinghua has significantly dropped off.

无论以年资、以学术地位、以对学校的贡献论,均不该如此排列,这是赤裸裸的官本位。因此接到校方电话说要给我送请柬,核对地址,被我拒绝。“聚天下英才而摧毁之”一语,也是因此而发。所谓“摧毁”,当时的直觉是培养趋炎附势的风气,使莘莘学子一心崇拜大官,校长老师则等而下之,如何有心向学?实际上,现在说聚“天下英才”已经不确切,当时想的是能考入清华的大多是智商很高,学习能力很强的少年才俊。而今出现了许多疯狂的“魔鬼训练”学校,专门标榜考上清华、北大的升学率,在这种训练之下,意味着这些青少年在入学之前已经被“摧毁”了,清华召来的“英才”率将大大下降。

That was my ‘lamentation’ about Tsinghua back then. Who ever would have thought that things would deteriorate so precipitously that we have ended up with this recent shocking event!

It must have been two years ago that Professor Xu Zhangrun told me that one of the students in his lecture was behaving in such a peculiar manner that he decided to question them [the student’s gender is not specified. — trans]. Eventually, the student admitted that they were appointed to report on the content of Xu’s lectures. They also admitted that they were paid a monthly stipend for this ‘service’ and, on top of that, they were given an assurance that, if they continued to ‘contribute’ in this way for three years, they were assured of a place in a research program. The job even had a title: they call such lecture-hall snitches ‘Information Officers’. What amazed me in particular was the fact that this student didn’t think that their behaviour was shameful in any way; it was just a ‘work-while-you-study’ gig!

From then on I learned that this was far from being an isolated case: ‘normal course content’ at Tsinghua now seemed to include a requirement to report damning information about lecturers. So now you’ll have to agree with me how risible is that, back in the day, I was so deeply distressed about the university giving license to students to hone their skills as craven courtiers in thrall to power-holders at every level. All of that pales into insignificance when compared to a place trains people to work for the modern-day equivalent of the ‘Eastern Depot’ and the ‘Western Depot’ [the names of the places in Beijing that once housed the fear-inspiring Ming-dynasty ‘secret service’]. One can only wonder what other depths they might be willing to plumb as they continue to debase higher education in China?

然而,彼时之“哀”,还没有料到几年之后竟至堕落到如今这般令人发指的地步。大约两年前见到许教授,他已说起课堂上有一学生举止可疑,询问之下,该生坦言是领受了任务,记录汇报老师的讲课内容的。据说每月有一定报酬,而且持续三年就可以保研,此职务还有一名称曰“信息员”。而这名学生并不意识到这种行为之不光彩,只当一份勤工俭学的工作(!)从那时起,这就不是个别现象,培养学生告密、揭发老师成为学校的“正常”的“教育”内容。那么我为之痛心的趋炎附势之风已是小巫见大巫,径直培养“东厂”、“西厂”人才了,中国的高等教育将伊于胡底?

The latest round of ‘book burning and burying scholars’ started quite some time ago [the First Emperor of the Qin was said to have destroyed books that contained heterodox material and buried scholars who challenged his authority. — trans.]. False currency is circulating instead of the true coin of the realm in every part of the society, and not only in the tertiary sector. It’s merely because of its fame and influence that Tsinghua University happens to be able to play a more prominent role in this base enterprise. The recent behaviour of the institution is paradigmatic: on one hand a person despised by everyone, an individual who makes the most preposterous claims without any regard for facts, someone derided by All-Under-Heaven, was given the highest accolade and bestowed with the lofty title of ‘university professor’ [the author is referring to Hu Angang (胡鞍鋼, 1953-), one of the most noxious pseudo scholars at Tsinghua who is famous not only for hyperbole but also for a particular brand of triumphalist nationalism — trans.]. On the other hand, a famous scholar justifiably celebrated for his moral calibre and academic achievements is subjected to unseemly pressure and then, without warning, deprived of his pedagogical role in that self-same university. What other evidence do you need to realise that it is a topsy-turvy place where things are being stood on their head? How I mourn for you, my beloved alma mater!

至于新一轮焚书坑儒早已开始。在各个领域劣币驱逐良币,岂止学校为然。只是以清华的名气,影响更大。最近一段时期清华的举措也有高度象征意义:一名罔顾基本事实,口出狂言,为国人所不齿,为天下笑的教授,偏偏不久之后就被授以学校最高荣誉的“资深教授”;而以品德、学问享誉士林的名师始而遭受各种压制,卒至被粗暴剥夺教学权利。是非黑白颠倒如此鲜明。呜呼我的母校!

Tsinghua University occupies a special place in my heart. Back in my youth, I cast everything aside and abandoned the justly renowned Yenching University [itself displaced and absorbed by Peking University in the early 1950s] to pursue my studies at Tsinghua. I’ve treasured my memories of the three short years I spent there ever since. Many years after my graduation, however, Tsinghua was tainted by when it became one of the participants in the odious ‘Two Schools’ group during the cataclysm [in the last years of the Cultural Revolution, select ideologically pliant academics at Tsinghua and Peking universities were organised into a writing group which wrote under the name ‘Liang Xiao’ 梁效 liáng xiào — a homophone for 兩校 liǎng xiào, or ‘the two schools or universities’. This notorious collective produced numerous politically charged, quasi-academic works for the official media at the behest of Mao and his Gang of Four followers. For more on this, see the section ‘Two Schools 梁效’ in Homo XinensisChina Heritage, 31 August 2018. — trans.]. Only very gradually was it able to regain something resembling normalcy. In the process, Tsinghua really managed to attract new talents who then contributed to the revitalisation of a range of long-abandoned disciplines, in the humanities and social sciences. In turn, this nurtured a new generation of outstanding academics.

Old graduates like me were delighted to witness these developments and so, from the early 1980s, we started to attend annual celebrations held at the university. We’d get together and reminisce about the past. I’ve even written quite a few things about my time at Tsinghua. However, starting with the ninetieth anniversary of the university in 1991, things no longer felt quite right any more. One reason was that ‘on the day’ [of a commemoration], due to the fact that some Party-State leader invariably graced the event, security was increased and alumni were issued with entry passes on the basis of their ‘rank’. If you were deemed merely to be an ‘average alumnus or alumna’ you only got to attend events on campus on the second day. By the time the university’s centenary came around [in April 2011], the bureaucratic stench was even more overwhelming, as I noted earlier.

我个人对清华有特殊感情。当年不惜破釜沉舟离开享誉国内外的美丽燕园,转入清华,在那里度过短短的三年,留下美好而温馨的记忆。离校多年,清华在成为一场浩劫的中心“两校”之一之后,逐步恢复正常,而且又重建已被取消的人文、社会科学诸学科,招揽人才,新一代优秀教师开始聚集。老校友额手相庆,自上世纪80年代开始恢复校庆返校,相聚一堂,同温旧梦。我也写了不少忆当年的文字。然而自1991年90周年校庆纪念活动起,就开始变味,校庆的“正日子”因有“首长”(并非清华校友)莅临,警卫森严,校友按“级别”发出入证,“普通”校友则只能在第二天来校聚会。到百年校庆则官气更浓,已如前述。

I studied at Tsinghua during the last few years of Mei Yi-chi’s tenure as university president on the Mainland [Mei Yi-chi (梅貽琦, 1989-1962) was president from 1931 to 1948, thereafter he relocated to Taiwan], and even though I never met him, I do remember catching sight of him on campus from a distance. Despite never having the pleasure to hear him make an ‘important speech’, I well recall that his personality and his reputation somehow made us feel proud to think of ourselves as his ‘disciples’. Classmates shared a heartfelt respect for him.

When I visited Taiwan in 2014 I had an opportunity to visit [National] Tsinghua University at Hsinchu [Xinzhu]. Our hosts led us to pay our respects at President Mei’s tomb, which has a commemorative pavilion nearby. Suddenly, I felt the urge to bow respectfully three times before the sepulchre. It was a spontaneous act with no forethought whatsoever. So, let me ask you, reader, which subsequent president of Tsinghua has enjoyed or can claim to enjoy such widespread respect? Do students feel about them like we did about Mei Yi-chi? What impressions and heartfelt sentiments will these presidents leave behind?

Admittedly, many of the things that the present incumbents do is just about ‘carrying out orders’ from above so, in a sense, Tsinghua’s leaders are not solely responsible for what happens on the campus. But even such indulgent excuses as these are increasingly difficult for people to accept. Of course, it’s more often true than not that people wish to curry favour with their superiors or find ways to avoid taking responsibility for what is happening around them. Even in cases when passive resistance might work, they make no effort. Okay, you might ‘only be carrying out orders’, but surely you have a mind of your own, a sense of right and wrong; ultimately, you have the freedom to decide whether you could ‘aim your rifle one inch higher’. [A reference to a popular story circulating in China related to the trial of a soldier who was accused of murder following the fall of the Berlin Wall. The soldier said that he had shot people climbing the wall because he had been ordered to do so. The prosecuting lawyer asked: ‘Couldn’t you simply have aimed one inch higher?’, see also Guo Yuhua, ‘J’accuse, Tsinghua University’, China Heritage, 27 March 2019.]

我上清华时有幸赶上梅贻琦校长在大陆的最后几年,虽然除了在校园远远望见外,没有任何接触,也没有听过他做什么“大报告”,但是桃李无言,下自成蹊,我们都不自觉地以作为门下弟子为荣,对他怀有发自内心的敬重。2014年我赴台湾一游,得以访问新竹清华校园,主人特意领我们到梅校长墓和纪念亭,我不自主地在墓前恭恭敬敬三鞠躬。这种不由自主的行动自己原来也没有想到。试问如今的清华校长,学生对他还有这样的发自内心的敬重和感情吗?可能留下的记忆是什么呢?诚然,也可以说种种悖谬之举是奉命而行,校领导不负主要责任。这种借口越来越难以服众。有不少情况是主动邀宠,至少是无担当,并非完全是不可抗拒的奉命。即使奉命,也还有自己的是非判断,也有“枪口高举一寸”的裁量。

A few years ago a certain university vice-president well known for his outspokenness told me that when they were faced with widely reviled policies and practices, it was more than possible to join forces with other university presidents to protest collectively, or they could communicate their disagreement to their superiors individually. There were ways to challenge things effectively or, by raising concerns either collectively or individually, you could at least get the issue onto the agenda for further deliberation. However, in reality, even though people vehemently give voice to their disgruntlement in private and generally reach pretty much the same conclusion about what’s wrong, none of them dare say a word. That was nearly a decade ago; given this new batch of Academic Big Wigs today, I wonder if they even share a common view about things in private?

几年前就有一位以敢言著称的大学副校长对我说,其实有些人们普遍诟病的政策和做法,只要有十名大学校长肯联名或分别提出意见,并非不可撼动,至少可以提上讨论的议程。然而私下议论纷纷,看法大致相同,却无人愿意发声。这是将近十年前的事,现在新一轮的学界“新贵”可能连这点私下的共识也难有了。

But let me return to the topic of President Mei. At the height of the Civil War [1946-1949] he staunchly refused to let the [Nationalist] military police detain student activists on campus. He even went so far as to let the students in question know that their names were on a hit list. Mei Yi-chi was himself a member of the ruling Nationalist Party, and he knew full well that those students were political activists working at the direction of the Communists. But, for him, it was not about politics or partisan loyalty, he had a clear view of his duty as a university president:

  • to safeguard the campus and to ensure that the basic rights both of faculty members and of students were protected; and,
  • to show respect for intellectual freedom.

There was another story that everyone had heard in those days. During the War of Resistance Against Japan [or the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945], professors at National Southwestern Associated University [in Kunming, southwest China, a college that was a wartime amalgamation of key educational institutions, including Tsinghua] collectively petitioned the national Ministry of Education, which at the time was under the control of the hardliner Ch’en Lifu. They were protesting against the imposition of new government regulations that would have been tantamount to direct political interference in and control over university syllabi. Both of things happened when China was at war: one during the Japanese invasion [that is, the collective opposition to Ch’en Li-fu]; the other during the Civil War [Mei Yi-chi’s protection of students]. And, in both cases, university administrators ensured the inviolability of their campuses and that the dignity of scholarship and learning was protected.

Today, we are at peace and we are enjoying unprecedented prosperity; the nation is ‘on the rise’ as never before and access to higher education is more readily available than ever. New buildings are shooting up all over the campus of Tsinghua University, yet how is it that such a grand institution simply has no room for a professor who has demonstrated his profound involvement with and concern for our Nation and its Peoples, a man who is a living exemplar of [the unofficial Tsinghua slogan] that encourages teachers and students alike to have an independent mind? Furthermore, this is happening at a time when ‘the rule of law’ has been formally incorporated into the official ‘Core Socialist Values’ of the nation. Yet now, at all times, not only is legal education being stymied, but even a professor of law has been denied access to his lectern!

再说梅校长,当年在内战方酣时,他能坚决抗拒军警进校抓学生,并通知黑名单上的学生逃走。梅校长自己是国民党员,他也明知这些学生是地下党领导的运动成员。此事无关政治和政见,而是校长的天职:第一保护校园和师生不受强权侵害;第二,尊重思想自由。另一个例子是流传较广的,抗战最艰苦的时期,西南联大的教授集体上书驳回陈立夫主持的教育部企图干涉和管制教材与教学的指令。两件事都发生在战争时期,一是外战,一是内战,尚且能保持校园的净土,学术的尊严。方今是和平时期,中国从未如此强大繁荣,以空前的姿态“崛起”,高等教育空前普及,一座座高楼拔地而起,偌大校园奈何竟容不下一位忧国忧民、有独立思想的教授?尤其是,在倡导建设法治,而且“法治”也纳入官方发布的“核心价值观”之际,法学教育却重点受到禁锢,法学教授不能见容于三尺讲坛!

Given the online discussion surrounding this incident, it is reassuring to see just how many people are aware that Tsinghua University’s actions are simply unjust. The purged professor himself is facing things with equanimity and courage. He has repeatedly said that he has acted out of good faith and according to his conscience. He will not resile from his position. What more can be said?

It takes a country to nurture a person. Millions of university graduates go out into our society every year. People like to say that elite university graduates in particular ‘Might be the Blossoms of Today, but They are the Foundation of Our Society Tomorrow’. This, therefore, begs the question: who and what are the ‘Best and Brightest’, those who will determine the fate of this Great Chinese Nation of ours?

Written in the chill of early spring
March 2019

所幸从最近的事件所引起的舆论反应可以看得出公道自在人心。被整肃的教授心胸坦荡,处之泰然,表示求仁得仁,亦复何言。然而,百年树人,每年有几百万大学毕业生走向社会,特别是名校出身,“今天是桃李芬芳,明天是社会栋梁”,而今而后,将是何等样的“社会精英”左右我伟大的中华民族前途?

2019年3月春寒料峭之夜


Xu Zhangrun vs. Tsinghua University
Voices of Protest & Resistance

(March 2019-)